Confirmed.  Matlab didn't allow a log scale for colorbars, but now, apparently, it does.  And they have migrated properties that used to be on the colorbar object itself, to the axes object.  It's rather hard to keep up.

As a start, the error message and checking to prevent logarithmic scales that was introduced in for bug #42311 can be reversed.  Then a new graphics property ColorScale would have to be added to axes objects in graphics.in.h.  Finally, colorbar.m would have to be modified to adjust its scale value based on the axes ColorScale property via a listener or a linked property.  Even then, the results would be sub-optimal unless colorbar starts using a surface object rather than an image object to represent the colorbar.