I am using RockyLinux x86_64 with this setup:

LVM - 9:2.03.17-7.el9
Grub2 - 1:2.06-61.el9.rocky.0.2

I create a standard LVM volume group and logical volume and use grub2-probe to show the UUID and it works without any issue:

# Define variables
DEV=/dev/sda
VG=test

# Create a volume group
pvcreate $DEV
vgcreate $VG $DEV

# Create/format a standard logical volume
lvcreate -L 1G -n lv1 $VG
mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/$VG-lv1

# Show UUID of the logical volume
blkid /dev/mapper/$VG-lv1

# Use grub2-probe to get file system UUID
grub2-probe --device /dev/mapper/$VG-lv1 --target=fs_uuid
echo $?

Next, I try to create a thin pool and thinly provisioned logical volume:

# Create a thinly provisioned volume
lvcreate -L 1G --thinpool thinpool $VG
lvcreate -V 2G --thin -n lv2 $VG/thinpool
mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/$VG-lv2

# Show UUID of the logical volume
blkid /dev/mapper/$VG-lv2

grub2-probe --device /dev/mapper/$VG-lv2 --target=fs_uuid
echo $?

Using grub2-probe to get the UUID and it prompt:

grub2-probe: error: ../grub-core/kern/disk.c:236:disk `lvmid/SQzc1B-lFBS-f071-mArW-Sp3r-8HUs-coj4G9/BtKcl5-AblR-S9lq-pMAI-bkIY-okZ9-sjJiou' not found.

I think this should be a bug in grub2-probe package.