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badblocks

-b 4194304 (4 MB) is for ssd. remove it for hdd. Reference: https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/93686/can-i-prove-that-an-ssd-is-broken

For a long read / write test (4 r/w passes):

badblocks -svw -b 4194304 /dev/sdX

For a single fast r/w pass of random data:

badblocks -svw -b 4194304 -t random /dev/sdX