12 |
This file describes how to use Info, the on-line, menu-driven GNU |
This file describes how to use Info, the on-line, menu-driven GNU |
13 |
documentation system. |
documentation system. |
14 |
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|
15 |
Copyright (C) 1989, 1992, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 |
Copyright (C) 1989, 1992, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 |
16 |
Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
17 |
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|
18 |
@quotation |
@quotation |
50 |
@insertcopying |
@insertcopying |
51 |
@end titlepage |
@end titlepage |
52 |
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|
53 |
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@contents |
54 |
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|
55 |
@ifnottex |
@ifnottex |
56 |
@node Top |
@node Top |
57 |
@top Info: An Introduction |
@top Info: An Introduction |
127 |
* Help:: How to use Info |
* Help:: How to use Info |
128 |
* Help-P:: Returning to the Previous node |
* Help-P:: Returning to the Previous node |
129 |
* Help-^L:: The Space, DEL, B and ^L commands. |
* Help-^L:: The Space, DEL, B and ^L commands. |
130 |
|
* Help-Inv:: Invisible text in Emacs Info. |
131 |
* Help-M:: Menus |
* Help-M:: Menus |
132 |
* Help-Xref:: Following cross-references |
* Help-Xref:: Following cross-references |
133 |
* Help-Int:: Some intermediate Info commands |
* Help-Int:: Some intermediate Info commands |
216 |
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|
217 |
You are talking to the program Info, for reading documentation. |
You are talking to the program Info, for reading documentation. |
218 |
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|
219 |
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There are two ways to use Info: from within Emacs or as a |
220 |
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stand-alone reader that you can invoke from a shell using the command |
221 |
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@command{info}. |
222 |
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|
223 |
@cindex node, in Info documents |
@cindex node, in Info documents |
224 |
Right now you are looking at one @dfn{Node} of Information. |
Right now you are looking at one @dfn{Node} of Information. |
225 |
A node contains text describing a specific topic at a specific |
A node contains text describing a specific topic at a specific |
290 |
link, to get to the node @samp{Help-^L} and learn more. |
link, to get to the node @samp{Help-^L} and learn more. |
291 |
@end format |
@end format |
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|
293 |
@node Help-^L, Help-M, Help-P, Getting Started |
@node Help-^L, Help-Inv, Help-P, Getting Started |
294 |
@comment node-name, next, previous, up |
@comment node-name, next, previous, up |
295 |
@section The Space, DEL, B and ^L commands. |
@section The Space, DEL, B and ^L commands |
296 |
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|
297 |
This node's mode line tells you that you are now at node |
This node's mode line tells you that you are now at node |
298 |
@samp{Help-^L}, and the header line tells you that @kbd{p} would get |
@samp{Help-^L}, and the header line tells you that @kbd{p} would get |
416 |
|
|
417 |
@format |
@format |
418 |
>> Now type @kbd{n}, or click the middle mouse button on the @samp{Next} link, |
>> Now type @kbd{n}, or click the middle mouse button on the @samp{Next} link, |
419 |
to see the description of the @kbd{m} command. |
to visit the next node. |
420 |
@end format |
@end format |
421 |
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|
422 |
@node Help-M, Help-Xref, Help-^L, Getting Started |
@node Help-Inv, Help-M, Help-^L, Getting Started |
423 |
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@comment node-name, next, previous, up |
424 |
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@section Invisible text in Emacs Info |
425 |
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|
426 |
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Before discussing menus, we need to make some remarks that are only |
427 |
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relevant to users reading Info using Emacs. Users of the stand-alone |
428 |
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version can skip this node by typing @kbd{]} now. |
429 |
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|
430 |
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@cindex invisible text in Emacs |
431 |
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In Emacs, certain text that appears in the stand-alone version is |
432 |
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normally hidden, technically because it has the @samp{invisibility} |
433 |
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property. Invisible text is really a part of the text. It becomes |
434 |
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visible (by default) after killing and yanking, it appears in printed |
435 |
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output, it gets saved to file just like any other text, and so on. |
436 |
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Thus it is useful to know it is there. |
437 |
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|
438 |
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@findex visible-mode |
439 |
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You can make invisible text visible by using the command @kbd{M-x |
440 |
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visible-mode}. Visible mode is a minor mode, so using the command a |
441 |
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second time will make the text invisible again. Watch the effects of |
442 |
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the command on the ``menu'' below and the top line of this node. |
443 |
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|
444 |
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If you prefer to @emph{always} see the invisible text, you can set |
445 |
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@code{Info-hide-note-references} to @code{nil}. Enabling Visible mode |
446 |
|
permanently is not a real alternative, because Emacs Info also uses |
447 |
|
(although less extensively) another text property that can change the |
448 |
|
text being displayed, the @samp{display} property. Only the |
449 |
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invisibility property is affected by Visible mode. When, in this |
450 |
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tutorial, we refer to the @samp{Emacs} behavior, we mean the |
451 |
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@emph{default} Emacs behavior. |
452 |
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|
453 |
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Now type @kbd{]}, to learn about the @kbd{]} and @kbd{[} commands. |
454 |
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|
455 |
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@menu |
456 |
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* ]: Help-]. Node telling about ]. |
457 |
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* stuff: Help-]. Same node. |
458 |
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* Help-]:: Yet again, same node. |
459 |
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@end menu |
460 |
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|
461 |
|
@node Help-], , , Help-Inv |
462 |
|
@subsection The @kbd{]} and @kbd{[} commands |
463 |
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|
464 |
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If you type @kbd{n} now, you get an error message saying that this |
465 |
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node has no next node. Similarly, if you type @kbd{p}, the error |
466 |
|
message tells you that there is no previous node. (The exact message |
467 |
|
depends on the Info reader you use.) This is because @kbd{n} and |
468 |
|
@kbd{p} carry you to the next and previous node @emph{at the same |
469 |
|
level}. The present node is contained in a menu (see next) of the |
470 |
|
node you came from, and hence is considered to be at a lower level. |
471 |
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It is the only node in the previous node's menu (even though it was |
472 |
|
listed three times). Hence it has no next or previous node that |
473 |
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@kbd{n} or @kbd{p} could move to. |
474 |
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|
475 |
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If you systematically move through a manual by typing @kbd{n}, you run |
476 |
|
the risk of skipping many nodes. You do not run this risk if you |
477 |
|
systematically use @kbd{@key{SPC}}, because, when you scroll to the |
478 |
|
bottom of a node and type another @kbd{@key{SPC}}, then this carries |
479 |
|
you to the following node in the manual @emph{regardless of level}. |
480 |
|
If you immediately want to go to that node, without having to scroll |
481 |
|
to the bottom of the screen first, you can type @kbd{]}. |
482 |
|
|
483 |
|
Similarly, @kbd{@key{BACKSPACE}} carries you to the preceding node |
484 |
|
regardless of level, after you scrolled to the beginning of the |
485 |
|
present node. If you want to go to the preceding node immediately, |
486 |
|
you can type @kbd{[}. |
487 |
|
|
488 |
|
For instance, typing this sequence will come back here in three steps: |
489 |
|
@kbd{[ n [}. To do the same backward, type @kbd{] p ]}. |
490 |
|
|
491 |
|
Now type @kbd{]} to go to the next node and learn about menus. |
492 |
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|
493 |
|
@node Help-M, Help-Xref, Help-Inv, Getting Started |
494 |
@comment node-name, next, previous, up |
@comment node-name, next, previous, up |
495 |
@section Menus and the @kbd{m} command |
@section Menus and the @kbd{m} command |
496 |
|
|
497 |
@cindex menus in an Info document |
@cindex menus in an Info document |
498 |
@cindex Info menus |
@cindex Info menus |
499 |
With only the @kbd{n} (next) and @kbd{p} (previous) commands for |
With only the @kbd{n} (next), @kbd{p} (previous), @kbd{@key{SPC}}, |
500 |
moving between nodes, nodes are restricted to a linear sequence. |
@kbd{@key{BACKSPACE}}, @kbd{]} and @kbd{[} commands for moving between |
501 |
Menus allow a branching structure. A menu is a list of other nodes |
nodes, nodes are restricted to a linear sequence. Menus allow a |
502 |
you can move to. It is actually just part of the text of the node |
branching structure. A menu is a list of other nodes you can move to. |
503 |
formatted specially so that Info can interpret it. The beginning of a |
It is actually just part of the text of the node formatted specially |
504 |
menu is always identified by a line which starts with @samp{* Menu:}. |
so that Info can interpret it. The beginning of a menu is always |
505 |
A node contains a menu if and only if it has a line in it which starts |
identified by a line which starts with @w{@samp{* Menu:}}. A node |
506 |
that way. The only menu you can use at any moment is the one in the |
contains a menu if and only if it has a line in it which starts that |
507 |
node you are in. To use a menu in any other node, you must move to |
way. The only menu you can use at any moment is the one in the node |
508 |
that node first. |
you are in. To use a menu in any other node, you must move to that |
509 |
|
node first. |
510 |
|
|
511 |
After the start of the menu, each line that starts with a @samp{*} |
After the start of the menu, each line that starts with a @samp{*} |
512 |
identifies one subtopic. The line usually contains a brief name |
identifies one subtopic. The line usually contains a brief name for |
513 |
for the subtopic (followed by a @samp{:}), the name of the node that talks |
the subtopic (followed by a @samp{:}, normally hidden in Emacs), the |
514 |
about that subtopic, and optionally some further description of the |
name of the node that talks about that subtopic (again, normally |
515 |
|
hidden in Emacs), and optionally some further description of the |
516 |
subtopic. Lines in the menu that do not start with a @samp{*} have no |
subtopic. Lines in the menu that do not start with a @samp{*} have no |
517 |
special meaning---they are only for the human reader's benefit and do |
special meaning---they are only for the human reader's benefit and do |
518 |
not define additional subtopics. Here is an example: |
not define additional subtopics. Here is an example: |
524 |
The subtopic name is Foo, and the node describing it is @samp{Node |
The subtopic name is Foo, and the node describing it is @samp{Node |
525 |
about FOO}. The rest of the line is just for the reader's |
about FOO}. The rest of the line is just for the reader's |
526 |
Information. [[ But this line is not a real menu item, simply because |
Information. [[ But this line is not a real menu item, simply because |
527 |
there is no line above it which starts with @samp{* Menu:}.]] |
there is no line above it which starts with @w{@samp{* Menu:}}. Also, |
528 |
|
in a real menu item, the @samp{*} would appear at the very start of |
529 |
|
the line. This is why the ``normally hidden'' text in Emacs, namely |
530 |
|
@samp{: Node about FOO.}, is actually visible in this example, even |
531 |
|
when Visible mode is off.]] |
532 |
|
|
533 |
When you use a menu to go to another node (in a way that will be |
When you use a menu to go to another node (in a way that will be |
534 |
described soon), what you specify is the subtopic name, the first |
described soon), what you specify is the subtopic name, the first |
547 |
|
|
548 |
@noindent |
@noindent |
549 |
This means that the subtopic name and node name are the same; they are |
This means that the subtopic name and node name are the same; they are |
550 |
both @samp{Foo}. |
both @samp{Foo}. (The @samp{::} is normally hidden in Emacs.) |
551 |
|
|
552 |
@format |
@format |
553 |
>> Now use @key{SPC} to find the menu in this node, then come back to |
>> Now use @key{SPC} to find the menu in this node, then come back to |
572 |
the @dfn{name of the subtopic}. Once you have typed @kbd{m}, Info |
the @dfn{name of the subtopic}. Once you have typed @kbd{m}, Info |
573 |
tries to read the subtopic name. |
tries to read the subtopic name. |
574 |
|
|
575 |
Now look for the line containing many dashes near the bottom of the |
Now, in the stand-alone Info, look for the line containing many |
576 |
screen. There is one more line beneath that one, but usually it is |
dashes near the bottom of the screen. (This is the stand-alone |
577 |
blank. When it is blank, Info is ready for a command, such as @kbd{n} |
equivalent for the mode line in Emacs.) There is one more line |
578 |
or @kbd{b} or @key{SPC} or @kbd{m}. If that line contains text ending |
beneath that one, but usually it is blank. (In Emacs, this is the |
579 |
in a colon, it means Info is reading more input for the last command. |
echo area.) When it is blank, Info is ready for a command, such as |
580 |
You can't type an Info command then, because Info is trying to read |
@kbd{n} or @kbd{b} or @key{SPC} or @kbd{m}. If that line contains |
581 |
input, not commands. You must either give the input and finish the |
text ending in a colon, it means Info is reading more input for the |
582 |
command you started, or type @kbd{Control-g} to cancel the command. |
last command. You can't type an Info command then, because Info is |
583 |
When you have done one of those things, the input entry line becomes |
trying to read input, not commands. You must either give the input |
584 |
blank again. Then you can type Info commands again. |
and finish the command you started, or type @kbd{Control-g} to cancel |
585 |
|
the command. When you have done one of those things, the input entry |
586 |
|
line becomes blank again. Then you can type Info commands again. |
587 |
|
|
588 |
@findex Info-menu |
@findex Info-menu |
589 |
The command to go to a subnode via a menu is @kbd{m}. After you type |
The command to go to a subnode via a menu is @kbd{m}. After you type |
621 |
* Help-FOO:: And yet another! |
* Help-FOO:: And yet another! |
622 |
@end menu |
@end menu |
623 |
|
|
624 |
|
(Turn Visible mode on if you are using Emacs.) |
625 |
|
|
626 |
@format |
@format |
627 |
>> Now type just an @kbd{m} and see what happens: |
>> Now type just an @kbd{m} and see what happens: |
628 |
@end format |
@end format |
698 |
end of the node's text @kbd{Mouse-2} moves to the next node, or up if |
end of the node's text @kbd{Mouse-2} moves to the next node, or up if |
699 |
there's no next node. |
there's no next node. |
700 |
|
|
|
Here is another way to get to Help-FOO, a menu. You can ignore this |
|
|
if you want, or else try it by typing @key{TAB} and then @key{RET}, or |
|
|
clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on it (but then please come back to here). |
|
|
|
|
|
@menu |
|
|
* Help-FOO:: |
|
|
@end menu |
|
|
|
|
701 |
@format |
@format |
702 |
>> Type @kbd{n} to see more commands. |
>> Type @kbd{n} to see more commands. |
703 |
@end format |
@end format |
736 |
In Info documentation, you will see many @dfn{cross references}. |
In Info documentation, you will see many @dfn{cross references}. |
737 |
Cross references look like this: @xref{Help-Cross, Cross}. That text |
Cross references look like this: @xref{Help-Cross, Cross}. That text |
738 |
is a real, live cross reference, whose name is @samp{Cross} and which |
is a real, live cross reference, whose name is @samp{Cross} and which |
739 |
points to the node named @samp{Help-Cross}. |
points to the node named @samp{Help-Cross}. (The node name is hidden |
740 |
|
in Emacs. Do @kbd{M-x visible-mode} to show or hide it.) |
741 |
|
|
742 |
@kindex f @r{(Info mode)} |
@kindex f @r{(Info mode)} |
743 |
@findex Info-follow-reference |
@findex Info-follow-reference |
780 |
The @key{TAB} and @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} key, which move between menu |
The @key{TAB} and @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} key, which move between menu |
781 |
items in a menu, also move between cross references outside of menus. |
items in a menu, also move between cross references outside of menus. |
782 |
|
|
783 |
|
Sometimes a cross reference (or a node) can lead to another file (in |
784 |
|
other words another ``manual''), or, on occasion, even a file on a |
785 |
|
remote machine (although Info files distributed with Emacs or the |
786 |
|
stand-alone Info avoid using remote links). Such a cross reference |
787 |
|
looks like this: @xref{Top,, Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, Texinfo: |
788 |
|
The GNU Documentation Format}. (After following this link, type |
789 |
|
@kbd{l} to get back to this node.) Here the name @samp{texinfo} |
790 |
|
between parentheses (shown in the stand-alone version) refers to the |
791 |
|
file name. This file name appears in cross references and node names |
792 |
|
if it differs from the current file. In Emacs, the file name is |
793 |
|
hidden (along with other text). (Use @kbd{M-x visible-mode} to show |
794 |
|
or hide it.) |
795 |
|
|
796 |
|
The remainder of this node applies only to the Emacs version. If |
797 |
|
you use the stand-alone version, you can type @kbd{n} immediately. |
798 |
|
|
799 |
|
To some users, switching manuals is a much bigger switch than |
800 |
|
switching sections. These users like to know that they are going to |
801 |
|
be switching to another manual (and which one) before actually doing |
802 |
|
so, especially given that, if one does not notice, Info commands like |
803 |
|
@kbd{t} (see the next node) can have confusing results. |
804 |
|
|
805 |
|
If you put your mouse over the cross reference and if the cross |
806 |
|
reference leads to a different manual, then the information appearing |
807 |
|
in a separate box (tool tip) or in the echo area, will mention the |
808 |
|
file the cross reference will carry you to (between parentheses). |
809 |
|
This is also true for menu subtopic names. If you have a mouse, just |
810 |
|
leave it over the @samp{Overview} cross reference above and watch what |
811 |
|
happens. |
812 |
|
|
813 |
|
If you always like to have that information available without having |
814 |
|
to move your mouse over the cross reference, set |
815 |
|
@code{Info-hide-note-references} to a value other than t (@pxref{Emacs |
816 |
|
Info Variables}). You might also want to do that if you have a lot of |
817 |
|
cross references to files on remote machines and have non-permanent or |
818 |
|
slow access, since otherwise you might not be able to distinguish |
819 |
|
between local and remote links. |
820 |
|
|
821 |
|
@format |
822 |
|
>> Now type @kbd{n} to learn more commands. |
823 |
|
@end format |
824 |
|
|
825 |
@node Help-Int, Help-Q, Help-Xref, Getting Started |
@node Help-Int, Help-Q, Help-Xref, Getting Started |
826 |
@comment node-name, next, previous, up |
@comment node-name, next, previous, up |
827 |
@section Some intermediate Info commands |
@section Some intermediate Info commands |
851 |
@kbd{l} command revisits nodes in the history list; each successive |
@kbd{l} command revisits nodes in the history list; each successive |
852 |
@kbd{l} command moves one step back through the history. |
@kbd{l} command moves one step back through the history. |
853 |
|
|
|
If you have been following directions, an @kbd{l} command now will get |
|
|
you back to @samp{Help-M}. Another @kbd{l} command would undo the |
|
|
@kbd{u} and get you back to @samp{Help-FOO}. Another @kbd{l} would undo |
|
|
the @kbd{m} and get you back to @samp{Help-M}. |
|
|
|
|
854 |
In Emacs, @kbd{l} runs the command @code{Info-last}. |
In Emacs, @kbd{l} runs the command @code{Info-last}. |
855 |
|
|
856 |
@format |
@format |
857 |
>> Try typing three @kbd{l}'s, pausing in between to see what each |
>> Try typing @kbd{p p n} and then three @kbd{l}'s, pausing in between |
858 |
@kbd{l} does. Then follow directions again and you will end up |
to see what each @kbd{l} does. You should wind up right back here. |
|
back here. |
|
859 |
@end format |
@end format |
860 |
|
|
861 |
Note the difference between @kbd{l} and @kbd{p}: @kbd{l} moves to |
Note the difference between @kbd{l} and @kbd{p}: @kbd{l} moves to |
862 |
where @emph{you} last were, whereas @kbd{p} always moves to the node |
where @emph{you} last were, whereas @kbd{p} always moves to the node |
863 |
which the header says is the @samp{Previous} node (from this node, the |
which the header says is the @samp{Previous} node (from this node, the |
864 |
@samp{Prev} link leads to @samp{Help-M}). |
@samp{Prev} link leads to @samp{Help-Xref}). |
865 |
|
|
866 |
@kindex d @r{(Info mode)} |
@kindex d @r{(Info mode)} |
867 |
@findex Info-directory |
@findex Info-directory |
913 |
better, since you can use it to make a printed manual or produce other |
better, since you can use it to make a printed manual or produce other |
914 |
formats, such as HTML and DocBook, as well as for generating Info |
formats, such as HTML and DocBook, as well as for generating Info |
915 |
files.) @xref{Top,, Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU |
files.) @xref{Top,, Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU |
916 |
Documentation Format}.) |
Documentation Format}. |
917 |
|
|
918 |
@menu |
@menu |
919 |
* Advanced:: Advanced Info commands: g, s, e, and 1 - 5. |
* Advanced:: Advanced Info commands: g, e, and 1 - 9. |
920 |
* Info Search:: How to search Info documents for specific subjects. |
* Info Search:: How to search Info documents for specific subjects. |
921 |
* Add:: Describes how to add new nodes to the hierarchy. |
* Add:: Describes how to add new nodes to the hierarchy. |
922 |
Also tells what nodes look like. |
Also tells what nodes look like. |
1166 |
reads from the terminal. |
reads from the terminal. |
1167 |
|
|
1168 |
@cindex menu and menu entry format |
@cindex menu and menu entry format |
1169 |
A menu begins with a line starting with @samp{* Menu:}. The rest of the |
A menu begins with a line starting with @w{@samp{* Menu:}}. The |
1170 |
line is a comment. After the starting line, every line that begins |
rest of the line is a comment. After the starting line, every line |
1171 |
with a @samp{* } lists a single topic. The name of the topic--what |
that begins with a @samp{* } lists a single topic. The name of the |
1172 |
the user must type at the @kbd{m}'s command prompt to select this |
topic--what the user must type at the @kbd{m}'s command prompt to |
1173 |
topic---comes right after the star and space, and is followed by a |
select this topic---comes right after the star and space, and is |
1174 |
colon, spaces and tabs, and the name of the node which discusses that |
followed by a colon, spaces and tabs, and the name of the node which |
1175 |
topic. The node name, like node names following @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} |
discusses that topic. The node name, like node names following |
1176 |
and @samp{Up}, may be terminated with a tab, comma, or newline; it may also |
@samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} and @samp{Up}, may be terminated with a |
1177 |
be terminated with a period. |
tab, comma, or newline; it may also be terminated with a period. |
1178 |
|
|
1179 |
If the node name and topic name are the same, then rather than |
If the node name and topic name are the same, then rather than |
1180 |
giving the name twice, the abbreviation @samp{* @var{name}::} may be |
giving the name twice, the abbreviation @samp{* @var{name}::} may be |
1395 |
not scroll with the rest of the buffer, making these links always |
not scroll with the rest of the buffer, making these links always |
1396 |
visible. |
visible. |
1397 |
|
|
1398 |
|
@item Info-hide-note-references |
1399 |
|
As explained in earlier nodes, the Emacs version of Info normally |
1400 |
|
hides some text in menus and cross-references. You can completely |
1401 |
|
disable this feature, by setting this option to @code{nil}. Setting |
1402 |
|
it to a value that is neither @code{nil} nor @code{t} produces an |
1403 |
|
intermediate behavior, hiding a limited amount of text, but showing |
1404 |
|
all text that could potentially be useful. |
1405 |
|
|
1406 |
@item Info-scroll-prefer-subnodes |
@item Info-scroll-prefer-subnodes |
1407 |
If set to a non-@code{nil} value, @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE} (or |
If set to a non-@code{nil} value, @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE} (or |
1408 |
@key{DEL}) keys in a menu visit subnodes of the current node before |
@key{DEL}) keys in a menu visit subnodes of the current node before |
1411 |
subnode indicated by the following menu item. Setting this option to |
subnode indicated by the following menu item. Setting this option to |
1412 |
@code{nil} results in behavior similar to the stand-alone Info reader |
@code{nil} results in behavior similar to the stand-alone Info reader |
1413 |
program, which visits the first subnode from the menu only when you |
program, which visits the first subnode from the menu only when you |
1414 |
hit the end of the current node. The default is @code{t}. |
hit the end of the current node. The default is @code{nil}. |
1415 |
|
|
1416 |
@item Info-enable-active-nodes |
@item Info-enable-active-nodes |
1417 |
When set to a non-@code{nil} value, allows Info to execute Lisp code |
When set to a non-@code{nil} value, allows Info to execute Lisp code |
1456 |
@printindex cp |
@printindex cp |
1457 |
|
|
1458 |
@bye |
@bye |
1459 |
|
|
1460 |
|
@ignore |
1461 |
|
arch-tag: 965c1638-01d6-4156-9227-b10418b9d8e8 |
1462 |
|
@end ignore |