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IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet)

IPA table

consonants (pulmonic)
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Epilottal Glottal
Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ
Nasal m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ
Trill ʙ r ʀ
Tap or Flap ɾ ɽ
Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ
Lateral
Fricative
ɬ ɮ
Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ
Lateral
approximant
ɺ l ɭ ʎ ʟ
consonants (non-pulmonic)
click Voiced implosive Ejective
ʘ Bilabialɓ Bilabial
ǀ Dentalɗ Dental/alveolarp’ Bilabial
ǃ (Post)alveolarʄ Palatalt’ Dental/alveolar
ǂ Palatoalveolarɠ Velark’ Velar
ǁ Alveolar lateralʛ Uvulars’ Alveolar fricative
consonants (co-articulated)
ʍ w ɥ ɕ ʑ ɧ k͡p t͜s
vowels
Front Central Back
Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u
ɪ ʏ ʊ
Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o
ə
Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ
æ ɐ
Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ
DIACRITICS Diacritics can be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.
 ̥ Voiceless t̥ d̥ ̤ Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ ̪ Dental t̪ d̪
 ̬ Voiced s̬ t̬ ̰ Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ̺ Apical t̺ d̺
ʰ Aspirated tʰ dʰ ̼ Linguolabial t̼ d̼  ̻ Laminal t̻ d̻
 ̹ More rounded ɔ̹ʷ Labialized tʷ dʷ  ̃ Nasalized ẽ
 ̜ Less rounded ɔ̜ʲ Palatalized tʲ dʲ ⁿ Nasal release dⁿ
 ̝ Advanced u̝ˠ Velarized tˠ dˠˡ Lateral release dˡ
 ̱ Retracted e̱ˤ Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ̚ No audible release d̚
 ̈ Centralized ë ̴ Velarized or pharyngealized l̴
 ̽ Mid-centralized e̽ ̝ Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ =voiced alveolar fricative)
 ̩ Syllabic n̩ ̞ Lowered e̞ (β̞ = voiced bilabial approximant)
 ̯ Non-syllabic e̯ ̘ Advanced Tongue Root e̘
˞ Rhoticity ə˞ a˞ ̙ Retracted Tongue Root e̙
tones and word accents
levelcontour
e̋ or ˥ Extra
high
ě or ˩˥ Rising
é    ˦ High ê    ˥˩ Falling
ē    ˧ Mid e᷄    ˧˥ High
rising
è    ˨ Low e᷅    ˩˧ Low
rising
ȅ    ˩ Extra
low
e᷈    ˩˧˩ Rising
falling
DownstepGlobal rise
UpstepGlobal fall